{"id":111,"date":"2023-03-10T17:02:06","date_gmt":"2023-03-10T22:02:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/?p=111"},"modified":"2023-07-05T21:39:51","modified_gmt":"2023-07-06T01:39:51","slug":"hawaiian-delica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/ja\/hawaiian-delica\/","title":{"rendered":"\u30aa\u30f3\u30fb\u30b6\u30fb\u30ed\u30c3\u30af"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Distinguished by their conical shell shapes, \u2018opihi (limpets or sea snails) line the shorelines of the Hawaiian Islands, dotting large rocks or boulders singularly or in clusters where the ocean is rough and algae is plentiful. Braving the pounding surf and slippery rocks, \u2018opihi pickers risk their lives to ku\u2018i \u2018opihi, or pry the limpets loose from a rock with a knife. \u201cHe i\u2018a make ka \u2018opihi,\u201d as one Hawaiian proverb goes, \u201cthe \u2018opihi is a fish of death\u201d\u2014a reference to the danger of being washed away by the waves. \u2018Opihi pickers have long learned never to turn their back on the ocean, but one missed wave could mean the difference between life or death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u2018Opihi are a culturally revered and important species, not just for their ecology, but also as a food species and [for practical use],\u201d says Anthony Mau, who holds a doctorate in molecular biosciences and bioengineering and studied tropical limpet species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In traditional Hawai\u2018i, \u2018opihi was part of the Native Hawaiian diet starting at infancy. A little past six months old, a child would be given the soft parts of \u2018opihi with some poi or sweet potatoes, scholar Margaret Titcomb wrote in the research paper \u201cNative Use of Marine Invertebrates in Old Hawaii.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20370%20247'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" data-lazy-src=\"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Following Western contact, \u2018opihi populations declined dramatically in the islands.\" class=\"zeen-lazy-load-base zeen-lazy-load wp-image-215\"\/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Following Western contact, \u2018opihi populations declined dramatically in the islands.\" class=\"wp-image-215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-770x513.jpg 770w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-360x240.jpg 360w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-500x333.jpg 500w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-1155x770.jpg 1155w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-293x195.jpg 293w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1-1400x933.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-1.jpg 1938w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/noscript><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Following Western contact, \u2018opihi populations declined dramatically in the islands.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cEven in 1969, \u2018opihi were an important part of the diet of most of the Hawaiian families living near the shore,\u201d Titcomb continues. \u201cThe favorite method of preparation was raw and salted, either with or without seaweed. They were sometimes washed clean and then cooked in the shell, in a calabash with hot stones. The shells were picked out later. This method enabled the delicious liquor (kai) to be saved.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The kai was fed to the sick and young, and small, bitter \u2018opihi were used in healing and sorcery. The leftover hard shells were sometimes used as jewelry, but mostly as tools. Their sharp edges were used to scrape and scoop or peel things such as the inside of a coconut or the outside of raw taro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Hawai\u2018i, there are three common types of \u2018opihi. The \u02bb\u0101linalina (yellow-footed limpet) is a favorite but located where the waves are the roughest. The k\u014d\u02bbele (limpet with highly pointed shell) is very large, and thus coveted, but its meat is tougher than others and it\u2019s found underwater. The makaia\u016bli (dark-footed limpet) lives higher on the rocks than the \u2018\u0101linalina and so are easier to harvest. \u201cThe \u2018opihi was a favorite food source for Hawaiians,\u201d says Marques Marzan, cultural advisor at Bishop Museum. \u201cEveryone had their own preference on which ones they like to eat.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20370%20247'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" data-id=\"217\" data-lazy-src=\"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-3-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"zeen-lazy-load-base zeen-lazy-load wp-image-217\"\/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"217\" src=\"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-3-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-217\" srcset=\"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-3-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-3-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-3-770x1155.jpg 770w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-3-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-3-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-3-500x750.jpg 500w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-3-293x440.jpg 293w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-3.jpg 1292w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/noscript><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20370%20247'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" data-id=\"218\" data-lazy-src=\"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-4-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"There are three common species of \u2018opihi found in Hawai\u2018i, which are endemic to the islands.\n\" class=\"zeen-lazy-load-base zeen-lazy-load wp-image-218\"\/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"218\" src=\"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-4-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"There are three common species of \u2018opihi found in Hawai\u2018i, which are endemic to the islands.\n\" class=\"wp-image-218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-4-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-4-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-4-770x1155.jpg 770w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-4-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-4-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-4-500x750.jpg 500w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-4-293x440.jpg 293w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-4.jpg 1292w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">There are three common species of \u2018opihi found in Hawai\u2018i, which are endemic to the islands. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Following Western contact, \u2018opihi populations declined dramatically since the early 20th century, especially on the island of O\u2018ahu. The threat to \u2018opihi has mostly been blamed on overharvesting, but there are other contributing factors, including a changing shoreline landscape due to development and pollution that impacts food that \u2018opihi eat, such as algae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mau\u2019s findings refute the overharvesting argument. As a doctoral student, Mau researched aquaculture technology for \u2018opihi at the University of Hawai\u2018i, where \u2018opihi behavior can be studied in a way that can\u2019t be done in the wild: \u201cThere are certain areas that naturally should have less \u2018opihi than others, and there are certain conditions that allow for \u2018opihi to thrive and to be abundant versus others that don\u2019t.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To manage overharvesting, state law produced in the late 1970s prohibits picking \u2018opihi with shells that measure less than 1.25 inches in diameter and selling \u2018opihi meat (without the shell) that measures less than half an inch. Mau and other researchers, however, think the law should change now that there\u2019s more information on how long they live, how fast they grow, and when they reproduce, whether by age or season.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20370%20247'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" data-lazy-src=\"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"zeen-lazy-load-base zeen-lazy-load wp-image-216\"\/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-216\" srcset=\"https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-770x513.jpg 770w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-360x240.jpg 360w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-500x333.jpg 500w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-1155x770.jpg 1155w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-293x195.jpg 293w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2-1400x933.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/living.halekulani.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/LIVING_14.1_On-the-Rocks_IMG-2.jpg 1938w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/noscript><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The ongoing examination of the life cycles of \u2018opihi, and potential changes to the law based on new research, could mean a better supply of \u2018opihi in the future. \u201cWe\u2019re trying to enhance reproductive success but also be able to harvest as much as we can outside of those windows, because restoring the populations of \u2018opihi doesn\u2019t do us any good if we\u2019re not eating them,\u201d Mau says. \u201cIt\u2019s not a resource if you can\u2019t use it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In traditional Hawai\u2018i, \u2018opihi was an important part of the Native Hawaiian diet starting at infancy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are three common species of \u2018opihi found in Hawai\u2018i that are endemic to the islands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Renowned modernist architect Vladimir Ossipoff picks \u2018opihi on Kaua\u2018i in the 1970s or \u201980s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Christian Edwards\u2019 artwork \u2018Opihi Village (2019), on view in the lobby of Halepuna Waikiki, \u2018opihi are rendered in hand-built, high-fired stoneware and iron and cobalt oxides.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u63a1\u53d6\u304c\u56f0\u96e3\u3067\u73cd\u5473\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u547d\u304c\u3051\u306e\u3054\u3061\u305d\u3046\u300c\u30aa\u30d4\u30d2\u300d<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":214,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[194],"tags":[5,25,26,31,56,98,99,100],"class_list":["post-111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-season-9","tag-14-1","tag-living","tag-halekulani","tag-art","tag-culture","tag-hawaiian-traditions","tag-opihi","tag-sea-shells"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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